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		Article Summaries A Beginner's Guide to International Business Negotiations Jeswald Salacuse A Christian Theological Perspective on Ethnoreligious Conflict James E. Will A Diplomat's View Cameron R. Hume A Peace Zone for Kurdistan? Majid Tehranian A Public Peace Process Gennady I. Chufrin & Harold H. Saunders A Vote For Consensus Susan Shearouse Accounting for War Crimes in Cambodia United States Institute of Peace Actors and Approaches to Peacebuilding: The Case of Sudan John Prendergast Adjudication: International Arbitral Tribunals and Courts Richard Bilder Adopting Procedures, Educating Parties, and Developing Options Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Aggression and Violence Susan Opotow Alternate Views of Conflict and Mediation Joseph Folger and Robert Baruch Bush An Answer to War: Conflicts and Intervention in Contemporary International Relations Roberto Toscano An NGO Perspective Andrew S. Natsios Analyzing and Resolving Class Conflict Richard E. Rubenstein Anatomy of a Crisis William Ury and Richard Smoke Anger and Retaliation in Conflict Keith G. Allred Anonymity, Presence, and the Dialogic Self in a Technological Culture Rob Anderson Antidote to Alienation Adam Curle Beyond Violence: Building Sustainable Peace John Paul Lederach Beyond Win/Win: The Heroic Journey of Conflict Transformation Louise Diamond Bottom-up Peace Building in Bosnia Bruce Hemmer Breaking Away From Subtle Biases J. William Breslin Brezhnev visits West Germany Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe Bringing Croats and Muslims Together United States Institute of Peace Building Peace, Introduction and Framework John Paul Lederach Building Trust in an Environmental Conflict Public Disputes Network Can Collective Security Work? and Collective Security in Europe After the Cold War James Goodby Case Study: Lessons of Preventative Diplomacy in Yugoslavia Saadia Touval Case Study: The Regional Peacekeeping Role of the Organization of American States: Nicaragua, 1990-1993 Caesar Sereseres Challenging the Assumptions of Traditional Approaches to Negotiation Linda L. Putnam Citizen Involvement in Transportation Planning John Forester Civilizational Imagination and Ethnic Coexistence Ahmad Sadri Coexistence and the Reconciliation of Communal Conflicts Louis Kriesberg Cold War Parties and Issues Louis Kriesberg Collaborative Learning: Improving Public Deliberation in Ecosystem-Based Management Steven Daniels and Gregg Walker Colorado's Water Resources League of Women Voters of Colorado Communicating With Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication William Gudykunst and Young Yun Kim Communication and Conflict Robert M. Krauss and Ezequiel Morsella Communication and the Ground of Dialogue Kenneth N. Cissna and Rob Anderson Conclusions Ruth Lapidoth Conflict and Interaction Joseph P. Folger, Marshall Scott Poole, and Randall Stutman Conflict Assessment Joyce Hocker and William Wilmot Assessing conflict and identifying conflict patterns can be difficult. Conflict Assessment provides tools rooted in systems theory to assess a conflict and its recurring patterns. Conflict Management Policy Analysis Jay Rothman Conflict Prevention: Strategies to Sustain Peace in the Post-Cold War World Aspen Institute Conflict Resolution among the Bushmen: Lessons in Dispute Systems Design William L. Ury Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy John W. Burton Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Settings Kevin Avruch and Peter W. Black Conflict Resolution In Northern Ireland: Reconciling Form and Substance Clem McCarthy Conflict Resolution Moves East: How the Emerging Democracies of Central and Eastern Europe Are Facing Interethnic Conflict Raymond Shonholtz Conflict Resolution, Working with Refugees Divna Persic-Todorovic Conflict Tactics Joyce Hocker and William Wilmot The types of tactics used in a conflict will affect its course. Conflict Tactics examines the use of various tactics, including those related to engagement, avoidance, and collaboration. Because tactics are often reciprocated, the authors suggest collaboration when one is unsure of the most appropriate tactic. Conflict Transformation: A Spiritual Process Mark Chupp Conflicts Over the Sale of Nuclear Fuel Between the U.S. and India Raymond Cohen Consider the Other Side's Choice Fisher, Roger, Elizabeth Kopelman and Andrea Kupfer Schneider Constituencies and Public Information Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Carpenter and Kennedy discuss the importance of building constituency support and informing the public to the successful management of public disputes. Their findings are illustrated by the Water Roundtable negotiations. Constructive Confrontation: A Transformative Approach to Intractable Conflicts Heidi Burgess and Guy Burgess Constructive Controversy: The Value of Intellectual Opposition David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, and Dean Tjosvold Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations Yehuda Amir Contributions of Training to International Conflict Resolution Eileen Babbit Cooperation and Conflict Morton Deutsch Coping with Complex Facts and Multiple Parties in Public Disputes John Applegate and Douglas Sarno Cultural Aspects of Disputing Sally Engle Merry Culture and Conflict Paul Kimmel Culture: The Missing Link in Dispute Systems Design Corinne Bendersky Current and Future Arrangements for Intervention Brian Urquhart De-escalating Conflicts Louis Kriesberg Developing a Process for Siting Hazardous Waste Facilities in Canada - The Swan Hills Case Barbara Gray Developing an Effective Program of Conflict Management: Ten Principles Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Dialogic Listening: Sculpting Mutual Meanings John Stewart and Milt Thomas Dialogue and Organizational Transformation Glenna Gerard and Linda Teurfs Did a 'Failed' Negotiation Really Fail? Idalene F. Kesner and Debra L. Shapiro Directing and Administrating a Mediation Program: The Transformative Approach Janice M. Fleischer Dispute System Design and the U.S. Forest System Nancy J. Manring Disputes Yield When 'Ripe.' Public Disputes Network Education, Democratic Citizenship, and Multiculturalism Michael Walzer Emotions in Negotiation Robert S. Adler Empowerment and Mediation: A Narrative Perspective Sara Cobb Enforcing International Standards of Justice: Amnesty International's Constructive Conflict Expansion Ann Marie Clark and James A. McCann Environmental Mediation (The Foothills Case) Heidi Burgess Epilogue: The War in the Gulf Louis Kriesberg Escalation in the Cold War Dean Pruitt and Jeffrey Rubin Escalation in the Cuban Missile Crisis Dean Pruitt and Jeffrey Rubin Expectations for International Mediation Robert Baruch Bush Explore Partisan Perceptions Fisher, Roger, Elizabeth Kopelman and Andrea Kupfer Schneider Factors Prompting De-Escalation in the Cold War Louis Kriesberg Factors Prompting Deescalation in the Middle East Louis Kriesberg Failure to Employ Preventative Diplomacy to Avert Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait. Gareth Evans From Diatribe to Dialogue on Divisive Public Issues: Approaches Drawn from Family Therapy Richard Chasin, Margaret Herzig, Sallyann Roth, Laura Chasin,Carol Becker, and Robert Stains, Jr. From War to Peace John Paul Lederach Further Exploration of Track Two Diplomacy John W. McDonald Going Where We Otherwise Would Not Have Gone' : Accompanimentand Election Monitoring in Sri Lanka Patrick Coy Guidelines for Making the Program Work Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Handling the Human Side of the Negotiation Process Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Hawaii's Water Wars: A Pacific Paradise Settles a Hellish Dispute Over a Scarce Resource Krag Unsoeld he Role of Force in Diplomacy: A Continuing Dilemma for U.S. Foreign Policy Chester Crocker, Fen Hampson and Pamela Aall How Best to Run a Town? Citizens Reconcile Opposing Philosophies Krag Unsoeld Humanitarian NGOs in Conflict Intervention Mary Anderson Ideology, Orientation to Conflict, and Mediation Discourse Joseph Folger and Robert Baruch Bush Image, Identity and Conflict Resolution Janet Gross Stein Informal Mediation by the Scholar/Practitioner Herbert C. Kelman Information Technologies Can Help Various Interactive Conflict Resolution Ronald J. Fisher Interactive Problem-Solving: A Social-Psychological Approach to Conflict Resolution. Herbert Kelman Interests vs. Positions: A Critique of the Distinction Chris Provis Intergroup Conflict Ronald J. Fisher International Conflicts After the Cold War Joseph Nye, Jr. International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era I. William Zartman and Saadia Touval International Organizations and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Business Antonia Handler Chayes and Abram Chayes Interpersonal and Intergroup Processes Morton Deutsch, et al. Interpreting Violent Conflict: A Conference for Conflict Analyses and Journalists: Summary of Proceedings Helen Wolle Intractable Conflict Peter T. Coleman Intractable Conflicts and the Role of Identity Leo F. Smyth Introduction: Strategic Nonviolent Conflict Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler Inviting Fortuitous Events in Mediation: The Role of Empowerment and Recognition Sally Ganong Pope Irrevocable Commitments Dean Pruitt and Jeffrey Rubin Is the Gulf War a 'Just' War? Roger Williamson Joseph Elder: Quiet Peacemaking in a Civil War Thomas Princen Judgmental Biases in Conflict Resolution and How to Overcome Them Leigh Thompson and Janice Nadler Justice After Transitions Neil J. Kritz Justice and Conflict Morton Deutsch Justice in Times of Transition Mary Albon Kashmir: The Problem of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributing to Political Stasis' Felicity Volk Keeping but not Making Peace: The UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus David Morris Keeping the Peace or Making Peace?: A Mediation Tim Cooper Learnings from the Nicaraguan/YATAMA Negotiations MCS Conciliation Quarterly Lessons on Intervention Chester Crocker Look Behind Statements for Underlying Interests. Fisher, Roger, Elizabeth Kopelman and Andrea Kupfer Schneider Managing Communications Peace Watch Managing Conflict in the Post-Cold War Era William Perry Managing Conflict in the Post-Cold War World: A Public Perspective Andrew Kohut and Robert Toth Managing Conflicts in the Post-Cold War Era Mohamed Sahnoun Media Work Pays Off Paul Wahrhaftig Mediated Interpersonal Communication: Toward a New Typology Robert Cathcart and Gary Gumpert Mediating the Oslo Accords on the Middle East Negotiation Newsletter Mediation and the Healing Journey Toward Forgiveness Janet P. Schmidt Mediation as a World Role for the United States Amatai Etzioni Mediation by Religious Leaders Ron Kraybill Mediation Efforts in the Karabakh Conflict Moorad Mooradian Mediation in International Conflict: An Overview of Theory, A Review of Practice Jacob Bercovitch Mediation: A Gang Prevention Strategy David Oliver Mendelsohn Mediator Pressure and Party Autonomy: Are They Consistent With Each Other? David E. Matz Myth, Identity, and the Politics of Conviction: Participation in the Struggle for a Just World Order Saul H. Mendlovitz and Lester Edwin J. Ruiz Namibia: A Lesson for Success Jane Madden Negotiating in a Complex World Michael Watkins Negotiating in the International Context Daniel Druckman Negotiating Intractable Conflict: The Common Ground Dialogue Process and Abortion Michelle LeBaron and Nike Carstarphen Nongovernmental Organizations and Peacemaking Pamela Aall Nonviolent Action in Acute Interethnic Conflicts Gene Sharp Northern Ireland: Local Dispute or International Conflict? Sean Byrne Northern Ireland: Projects of Hope in the Midst of Violence Dave Brubaker Nuclear Arms Control: Background and Issues Committee on International Security and Arms Control National Academy of Science Of Nets, Nails, and Problems: The Folk Language of Conflict Resolution in a Central American Setting John Paul Lederach Oil and Fishing Industries Negotiate: Mediation and Scientific Issues Gerald Cormick and Alana Knaster Once Upon a Conflict Earl Martin Overcoming Barriers to Principled Negotiation William Ury Pandemonium in Waco: All the King's Horses and All the King's Men Ruth Heimburg Peace-Building and Conflict Transformation Stephen Ryan Peace-Keeping and Peace-Making Stephen Ryan Peacemaking Diplomacy: United Nations Good Offices in Afghanistan William Maley Peacemaking in the Twenty-First Century: New Rules, New Roles, New Actors J. Lewis Rasmussen Persuasion in Negotiations and Conflict Situations Shelly L. Chaiken, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Charles M. Judd Power and Conflict Peter T. Coleman Power in Interpersonal Conflict Joyce Hocker and William Wilmot Burton, eds. Power is present in all social interactions, but often that power is distributed unevenly. This book explores techniques to actively pursue a more equal power relationship and thereby reduce conflict. Prejudice Reduction Workshops in Ireland John Lampen Prenegotiation and Circum-negotiation: Arenas of the Peace Process Harold Saunders Prenegotiation Decisions CNCR News Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures John Paul Lederach Prescriptive and Elicitive Approaches to Conflict Resolution: Examples from Papua New Guinea Douglas W. Young Preventing Contemporary Intergroup Violence David A. Hamburg Primal Violence: Illuminating Culture's Dark Side Wolf B. Emminghaus, Paul R. Kimmel and Edward C. Stewart Principled Negotiation at Camp David as described in Getting to Yes Roger Fisher and William Ury Principles Applicable and Political Constraints Jose Zalaquett Principles of Communication Between Adversaries in South Africa Hendrik W. van der Merwe, et al. Principles of Icebreaking Tony Armstrong Principles of Icebreaking, Intro Tony Armstrong Problem Solving and Decision Making in Conflict Resolution Eben A. Weitzman and Patricia Flynn Weitzman Process and Outcome Goal Orientations in Conflict Situations: The Importance of Framing Tal Y. Katz and Caryn J. Block Process: The Dynamics and Progression of Conflict John Paul Lederach Public-Policy Conflict Resolution: The Nexus Between Culture and Process Wallace Warfield Public Conflict Resolution: A Transformative Approach Frank Dukes Public Conversations Project W. Barnett Pearce and Stephen W. Littlejohn Public Dialogue Consortium W. Barnett Pearce and Stephen W. Littlejohn Quebec Nationalism: the Quest for Identity Interaction Reaching and Carrying Out Agreements Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Reaching for Higher Ground E. Franklin Dukes, Marina A. Piscolish, and John B. Stephens Rebuilding Communities Devastated by War Peace Watch Recent Tribunals Spur Creation of a Permanent International Criminal Court Peace Watch Reconciliation in Rwanda: The Art of the Possible Dave Brubaker Reflecting on Nicaragua Craig Kauffman Reflections on Oka: The Mohawk Confrontation Rudy Friesen Reflexive Dialogue as Transformation Jay Rothman Reframing the Spoiler Debate in Peace Processes Marie-Joelle Zahar Zahar argues that Steadman's spoiler typology is incapable of describing why spoilers change their objectives and tactics. She points out that changes in motivation and in the perceived costs of spoilage activities directly affect the tactics and objectives of potential spoilers. Refugees: The Modern Political Condition Nicholas Xenos Religion and Peacebuilding Cynthia Sampson Religion and Reconciliation in Bosnia Peace Watch Removing Roadblocks Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Report of Conference Key Findings, Ideas, and Recommendations The Aspen Institute Resolving Conflict in a Multicultural Environment Andrea Williams Resolving Water Disputes Gail Bingham, Aaron Wolf, and Tom Wohlgenant Respecting the Struggle: Following the Parties' Lead Trina Grillo Sanctions Steven McIntosh Saying You're Sorry Stephen Goldberg, Eric Green, and Frank Sander Seeing Theory in Practice: An Analysis of Empathy in Mediation Dorothy J. Della Noce Self-Limiting Conflict: The Gandhian Style Paul Wehr Self-Revealing Communication: A Vital Bridge Between Two Worlds John Stewart Setting Deadlines Raymond Cohen Seven Strategies for Treating Perception-or Framing-- Problems Roger Fisher, William Ury, and Bruce Patton Social-Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict Herbert C. Kelman Some Contemporary Dialogue Models Joseph Phelps Some Guidelines for Developing a Creative Approach to Conflict Morton Deutsch and Peter T. Coleman South Africa's Bumpy Road to Democracy Peace Watch Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes Stephen John Stedman Spoilers are individuals and groups who believe the emerging peace threatens them and who use violence to undermine the peace. This article attempts to improve our understanding of spoilers and to aid "custodians of peace" in managing them. Starting Negotiations Louis Kriesberg Strategic Choice in Negotiation Dean Pruitt Structure: Lenses for the Big Picture John Paul Lederach Sustaining Peace in Angola PeaceWatch Symbolic Acts Raymond Cohen Systematic Forgiveness: A Possibility for African Americans? Wanda Lofton Tactical Stalemates Dean Pruitt and Jeffrey Rubin Tajik Opposition Proposes New Constitution PeaceWatch Taking Initiatives Louis Kreisberg Television and Conflict Jannie Botes The 1971 U.S.-Japan Monetary Crisis Raymond Cohen The Astoria Affair Raymond Cohen The Challenge of Imaging Peace in Wartime Elise Boulding The Consequences of Agreements Louis Kriesberg The Cuban Missile Crisis, chap. in Forceful Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War Alexander George President John F. Kennedy used coercive diplomacy to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba. The factors that contributed to the success of this strategy are explored here, including: superior motivation, mutual fear of escalation, and the perception of "the other." The Cycle of Reconciliation Ron Kraybill The Development of the Conflict Resolution Field Louis Kriesberg The Difficulty of Imagining Other Persons Elaine Scarry The Dilemmas of Transitional Justice Neil J. Kritz The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict Terrell A. Northrup The Ethics of Forgiveness Trudy Govier The Face of the Other: Ethics and Intergroup Conflict Roberto Toscano The Falklands: Failure of a Mission Hugh Wyndham The General Theory and Logic of Coercive Diplomacy Alexander George The Gulf Crisis: Failure of Preventive Diplomacy Claude Rakisits The Gulf War and a Police-Citizen Conflict Compared Paul Wahrhaftig The Healing Function in Political Conflict Resolution Joseph V. Montville The Impact of Small Beginnings Joan Broder The Life of Dialogue Abraham Kaplan The Logic Behind the Magic of Mediation Albie M. Davis The Manager as Negotiator: The Negotiator's Dilemma: Creating and Claiming Value D. Lax and J. Sebenius The Media's Role in Preventing and Moderating Conflict Robert Karl Manoff The Media as Mediator Melissa Baumann and Hannes Siebert The National Issues Forums W. Barnett Pearce and Stephen W. Littlejohn The Negotiation of Agreements Louis Kriesberg The Nested Paradigm of Conflict Foci: The Case of Ethiopia John Prendergast The Obsession With Settlement Rates Frank A. E. Sander The Power of Alternatives or the Limits to Negotiation David Lax and James Sebenius The Power of Moral Suasion in International Mediation Eileen Babbit The Power of Stories Virgil Peterson The Power of the Metaphor: The Fairy Tale of the Just War. Paul Wahrhaftig The Principles of Strategic Nonviolent Conflict Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler The Proper Role of the Mediator: Rational Assessment, Not Pressure James B. Boskey The Role of Media in International Conflict Christopher Young The Role of Power and Principle in Getting to Yes William McCarthy The Same and Different: Crossing Boundaries of Color, Culture, Sexual Preference Disability and Age Letty Cottin Pogrebin The Siting of a Hazardous Waste Landfill Barbara Gray The Time Dimension in Peacebuilding: The Case of Rwanda John Prendergast The Timing of Ripeness and the Ripeness of Timing Jeffrey Z. Rubin The Tree Model: Psychopolitical Dialogues and the Promotion of Coexistence Vamik D. Volkan The Violence-Negotiation Nexus: South Africa in Transition and the Politics of Uncertainty Timothy D. Sisk Theory, Practice, Success, and Failure: A Journey of Learning in Cyprus James Notter Thoughts on the Failure of Negotiations in the Gulf Dean Peachy Three Mile Island Citizen Radiation Monitoring Program Barbara Gray To Settle or to Transform? Perspectives on the Resolution of National and International Conflicts Vayrynen, Raimo Towards Conflict Resolution in the Third World Goran Lindgren and Peter Wallensteen, eds. Track Two Triumphant? Reflections on the Oslo Process and Conflict Resolution in the Middle East C. R. Mitchell Transactional forgiveness has some success in El Salvador Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe Transformative Approaches to Training: The Case of Somalia John Prendergast Transformative Mediation and Third-Party Intervention: Ten Hallmarks of a Transformative Approach to Practice Joseph P. Folger and Robert A. Baruch Bush Transforming Conflicts in the Middle East and Central Europe. Louis Kriesberg Trust, Trust Development, and Trust Repair Roy J. Lewicki and Carolyn Wiethoff Truth and Reconciliation Commission; South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission U.S.-China Miscommunication Raymond Cohen U.S. - India Diplomacy Raymond Cohen Understand the Message as They Hear it Fisher, Roger, Elizabeth Kopelman and Andrea Kupfer Schneider Understanding Forgiveness Estrada-Hollenbeck Understanding Mediation's Role in Preventative Diplomacy Jacob Bercovitch Unilateral Forgiveness Proves Ineffective in Nicaraguan Political Conflict Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe United Nations conflict resolution attempts in Afghanistan Elise Boulding United Nations conflict resolution attempts in Central America, with the OAS Elise Boulding United Nations Involvement in the Peace Process in El Salvador David Stuart United Nations peacebuilding in Namibia. Elise Boulding United Nations Secretariat Fails to Consult with Memberstates in Developing the Conference Proposal Document for UNIDO III Conference, 1980 Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe United States-Japan Relations Leading to Pearl Harbor Alexander George Urban Heights Collaboration Barbara Gray Using Collaborative Learning in Fire Recovery Planning Steven Daniels, Gregg Walker, Matthew Carroll and Keith Blatner Using Town Meetings to Foster Peaceful Coexistence Maria R. Volpe We Need a Larger Theory of Negotiation: The Importance of Pre-Negotiation Phases Harold Saunders When Dialogue is NOT our Hope Joseph Phelps When Mediation is Not Enough Mark Chupp Who Mediates in Developing Countries? John Paul Lederach Working With Anger John Amodeo and Kris Wentworth Working With the Media Susan L. Carpenter and W.J.D. Kennedy Return to Top

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Article Summaries